1

Introduction to Research

1. Definition  of the term research
2. Definition of the term anusandhan
3. Need of research in the field of Ayurveda 

2

General guidelines and steps in the research process

1. Selection of the research problem 
2. Literature review: different methods (including computer database) with their advantages and limitations
3. Defining research problem and  formulation of hypothesis
4. Defining general and specific objectives
5. Research design: observational and interventional, descriptive and analytical, preclinical and clinical, qualitative and quantitative
6. Sample design
7. Collection of the data
8. Analysis of data.
9. Generalization and interpretation, evaluation and assessment of hypothesis.
10. Ethical aspects related to human and animal experimentation. 
11. Information about Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) and Animal Ethics Committee (AEC) and their functions. Procedure to obtain clearance from respective committees, including filling up of the consent forms and information sheets and publication ethics.

3

Preparation of research proposals in different disciplines for submission to funding agencies taking EMR-AYUSH scheme as a model.

4

Scientific writing and publication skills

1. Familiarization with publication guidelines- Journal specific and CONSORT guidelines.
2. Different types of referencing and bibliography.
3. Thesis/Dissertation: contents and structure
4. Research articles structuring: Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussions  (IMRAD)

5

Classical Methods of Research

Concept of Pratyakshadi Pramana Pariksha, their types and application for Research in Ayurveda.
Dravya-, Guna-, Karma-Parikshana Paddhati
Aushadhi-yog Parikshana Paddhati   
Swastha, Atura Pariksha Paddhati
Dashvidha Parikshya Bhava
Tadvidya sambhasha, vadmarga and tantrayukti

6

Comparison between methods of research in Ayurveda (Pratigya, Hetu, Udaharana, Upanaya, Nigaman) and contemporary methods in health sciences.

7. Different fields of Research in Ayurveda
    Fundamental research  on concepts of Ayurveda

1. Panchamahabhuta and tridosha.
2. Concepts of rasa, guna, virya, vipak, prabhav and karma
3. Concept of prakriti-saradi bhava, ojas, srotas, agni, aam and koshtha.

8. Literary Research-

Introduction to manuscriptology:  Definition and scope. Collection, conservation, cataloguing.
Data mining techniques, searching methods for new literature; search of new concepts in the available literature. Methods for searching internal and external evidences about authors, concepts and development of particular body of knowledge. 

9. Drug Research (Laboratory-based)- Basic knowledge of the following:
Drug sources: plant, animal and mineral.  Methods of drug identification. 
Quality control and standardization aspects: Basic knowledge of Pharmacopoeial standards and parameters as set by Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.
Information on WHO guidelines for standardization of herbal preparations.  Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Laboratory Practices (GLP).

10. Safety aspects: Protocols for assessing acute, sub-acute and chronic toxicity studies. Familiarization with AYUSH guidelines (Rule 170), CDCSO and OECD guidelines.

11. Introduction to latest Trends in Drug Discovery and Drug Development
-Brief information on the traditional drug discovery process
-Brief information on the latest trends in the Drug Discovery process through employment of  rational approach techniques; anti-sense approach, use of micro and macro-arrays, cell culture based assays,  use of concepts of systems biology and  network physiology
-Brief introduction to the process of Drug development

12. Clinical research: 
Introduction to Clinical Research Methodology identifying the priority areas of Ayurveda
Basic knowledge of the following:-
Observational  and Interventional studies
Descriptive & Analytical studies
Longitudinal & Cross sectional studies
Prospective & Retrospectives studies
Cohort studies
Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) & their  types
Single-case design, case control studies, ethnographic studies, black box design, cross-over design, factorial design.
Errors and bias in research.
New concepts in clinical trial- Adaptive clinical trials/ Good clinical practices (GCP)
Phases of Clinical studies: 0,1,2,3, and 4.
Survey studies -                     
Methodology, types, utility and analysis of Qualitative Research methods. Concepts of in-depth interview and Focus Group Discussion. 

13. Pharmacovigilance for ASU drugs.  Need, scope and aims & objectives. National Pharmacovigilance Programme for ASU drugs. 

14. Introduction to bioinformatics, scope of bioinformatics, role of computers in biology.  Introduction to Data base- Pub med, Medlar and Scopus. Accession of databases.

15. Intellectual Property Rights- Different aspect and steps in patenting. Information on Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL).   

Statistical exercise of examples from Topic number 4, 5, 8-12, 14, 15.
Records to be prepared.

Distribution of marks (practical): 

1. Instrumental spotting test                                                                  – 20 marks
2. Clinical protocol writing exercise on a given problem                            – 20 marks
3. Records:
4. Research methodology                                                                        -10 Mark
5. Medical statistics                                                                                 -10 marks
6. Viva- Voce                                                                                         -40 Marks 

REFERENCE BOOKS:-

Pharmacognosy:

1. Aushotosh Kar “Pharmacognosy & Pharmacobiotechnology” New Age International Publisher. Latest Edition. New Delhi.
2. Drug Survey by  Mayaram Uniyal
3. Fahn A (1981). Plant Anatomy  3rd Edition Pergamon Press, Oxford
4. Kokate, CK., Purohit, AP, Gokhale, SB (2010). Pharmacognosy. Nirali Prakashan. Pune.
5. Kokate, CK., Khandelwal and Gokhale, SB (1996). Practical Pharmacognosy.  Nirali Prakashan. Pune.
6. Trease G E and Evans W C, Pharinacognosy, Bailliere Tindall, Eastbourne, U K.
7. Tyler V C., Brady, L R., and Robers J E., Pharmacognosy, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
8. Tyler VE Jr and Schwarting AE., Experimental Pharmacognosy, Burgess Pub. Co, Minneaplis, Minnesota.
9. Wallis- TE (2011)- reprint. Practical Pharmacgonosy (Fourth Edition) Pharma Med Press, Hyderabad.
10. Wallis T E, Analytical Microscopy, J & A Churchill limited, London.
11. Wallis T E., Text Book of Pharmacognosy, J & A Churchill Limited, London.
12. WHO guidelines on good agricultural and collection practices- (GACP) for medicinal plants (2003).World Health Organization- Geneva.
13. WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants (1999)—Vol. 1. 1.Plants, Medicinal 2.Herbs 3.Traditional medicine. ISBN 92 4 154517 8. WHO Geneva.

Pharmaceutical chemistry, quality control and drug standardization:

1. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Part I- volume 1 to 8 and Part II- volume 1to 3. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Controller of Publication. Govt of India. New Delhi.
2. Brain, KR and Turner, TD. (1975). The Practical Evaluation Phytopharmaceuticals. Wright Scienctechnica, Bristol.
3. Galen Wood Ewing (1985). Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis. McGraw-Hill College ; Fifth edition
4. Harborne, JB (1973). Phytochemistry Methods. Chapman and Hall, International Edition, London.
5. HPTLC- Fingerprint atlas of Ayurvedic Single Plant Drugs mentioned in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Vol- III and IV. CENTRAL COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA AND SIDDHA. New Delhi.
6. Kapoor, RC (2010). Some observations on the metal based preparations in Indian System of Medicine.   Indian Journal of Traditional Knwoledge.  9(3): 562-575
7. Khopkar, S. M. Analytical Chemistry, New Age International Publishers , 3 rd edition
8. Laboratory Guide for- The Analysis of Ayurved and Siddha Formulations – CCRAS, New Delhi.
9. Mahadik KR, Bothara K G.  Principles of Chromatography by, 1st edition, Nirali Prakashan.
10. Qadry JS and Qadry S Z., Text book of Inorganic Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, B. S. Shah Prakashan, Ahmedabad.
11. Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Material.  Reprint (2002). WHO- Geneva.
12. Rangari V.D., Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Vol I, II, Career Publication,
13. Sharma BK.  Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis by, Goel Publishing House.
14. Srivastav VK and Shrivastav KK. Introduction to Chromatography (Theory and Practice) 
15. Stahl E., Thin Layer Chromatography - A Laboratory Handbook, Springer Verlag, Berlin.
16. Sukhdev Swami Handa, Suman Preet Singh Khanuja, Gennaro Longo and Dev Dutt Rakesh (2008). Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants -INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR SCIENCE AND HIGH TECHNOLOGY- Trieste,

Biochemistry and Laboratory techniques:

1. Asokan P. (2003) Analytical Biochemistry, China publications,
2. Campbell, P.N and A.D .Smith, Biochemistry Illustrated, 4th ed, Churchill Livingstone.
3. David Frifelder. W. H. Freeman. (1982).  Physical Biochemistry by; 2 edition
4. David Sultan (2003).Text book of Radiology and Imaging, Vol-1, 7th Edition.
5. Deb, A.C., Fundamentals of Biochemistry, Books and Allied (P) Ltd, 2002.
6. Harold Varley.   Practical Clinical Bio-chemistry
7. Kanai L.Mukherjee.  Clinical Pathology:,Medical Laboratory Technology Vol. I.Tata McGrawHill 1996, New Delhi.
8. GradWohl, Clinical Laboratory-methods and diagnosis, Vol-I
9. Clinical Biochemistry -Sabitri Sanyal, Clinical Pathology, B.I.Churchill Livingstone (P) Ltd, New Delhi.2000.
10. Satyanarayanan,U. Essentials of Biochemistry, Books and allied(P) Ltd.2002
11. Zubay, G.L. Biochemistry, W.M.C. Brown Publishers, New York 1998.
12. Text book of Radiology and Imaging, Vol-1, David Sultan, 7th Edition. 2003.

Research methodology:

1. Alley, Michael. The craft of scientific writing. Englewood Cliffs. N.N. Prentice 1987.
2. Ayurvediya Anusandhan Paddhati – P.V. Sharma
3. Altick and Fensternmaker. ( 2007).The Art of Literary Research. 4th ed. W. W. Norton. Castle, Gregory. Blackwell Guide to Literary Theory. Blackwells,
4. Bowling, A. (2002). Research Methods in Health (2nd ed). Buckingham: Open University Press.
5. Day R.A. How to write a scientific paper. Cambridge University Press.
6. Cooray P.G. Guide to scientific and technical writing.
7. Deepika Chawla and Neena Sondhi. (2011). Research Methods- Concepts and cases.  New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.
8. Greenhalgh, T. (2006) How to Read a Paper: The Basics of Evidence-Based Medicine. (3rd ed) Blackwell
9. Kothari- CR (2004). Research Methodology- Methods and Techniques (Second Revised Edition). New Age International Publishers- New Delhi.
10. Kumar, R. 2005. Research Methodology: a Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA, London: Sage Publications.
11. Petter Laake, Haakon Breien Benestad and Bjørn Reino Olsen. (2007). Research Methodology in the Medical and Biological sciences. Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier, 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK. ISBN: 978-0-12-373874-5
12.  Relevant portions of Ayurvedic Samhitas and other texts

Drug research and development:

1. RICK NG, (2009). DRUGS- from discovery to approval. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
2. Research guidelines for evaluating the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines. (1993).  . WHO- (Regional Office for the Western Pacific – Manila) ISBN 92 9061 110 3 (NLM Classification: WB 925).
3. Jagdeesh, Sreekant Murthy, Gupta, YK and Amitabh Prakash Eds. Biomedical Research (From Ideation to Publication) (2010). Wolters Kluwer/ Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
4. WHO Guidelines on Safety Monitoring of herbal medicines in pharmacovigilance systems. (2004). WHO- Geneva. ISBN 92 4 1592214. 
5. Natural products isolation.  (2006)  2nd ed. / edited by Satyajit D. Sarker, Zahid Latif, Alexander I. Gray.  (Methods in biotechnology; 20). Includes bibliographical references and index. Humana Press Inc. ISBN 1-58829-447-1 (acid-free paper) – ISBN 1-59259-955-9 (eISBN)
6. Gazette Extraordinary Part- II-Section 3 - Sub section (i) December 2008. Govt of India. AYUSH Guidelines on safety studies- Rule 170 of Drugs and Cosmetics Act.
7. OECD (2000) Guidance Document on Acute Oral Toxicity. Environmental Health and Safety Monograph Series on Testing and Assessment No 24.
8. OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals – Repeated Dose 90-day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents, 408, 1998.http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/free/9740801e.pdf (latest version)
9. OECD Series on Principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) and Compliance Monitoring, 1998. http://www.oecd.org/document/63/0,2340,en_2649_34381_2346175_1_1_1_1,00.php
10. ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline (2000). Maintenance of the ICH Guideline on Non-clinical Safety Studies for t       he conduct of Human Clinical Trials for Pharmaceuticals M3 (R1).
11. Ghosh M.N.: Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology, Scientific Book Agency.
12. Bombay.\
    12- Jaju B.P.: Pharmacological Practical Exercise Book, Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi.
    13-  Kulkarni S.K.: Hand Book of Experimental Pharmacology, Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi
    14- Ravindran R.: X-Pharm (Software), Indian Journal of Pharmacology, JIPMER, Pondicherry.

Biotechnology and Bio-informatics:

1. Angela M. Meireles A (2009). Extracting Bioactive compounds for food products. Theory and applications.  CRC- Press Taylor and Francis Group.
2. Bergeron BP 2002 Bioinformatics Computing 1st Edition, Prentice Hall
3. Chikhale, N.J. and Virendra Gomase, Bioinformatics- Theory and Practice, Publisher: Himalaya Publication House, India; 1 edition (July, 2007) ISBN-13: 978-81-8318-831-9
4. Lesk, A.M. Introduction to Bioinformatics Oxford 2002.
5. Satyanarayana, U.: Biotechnology, Books and Allied (P) Ltd, Kolkata, 2005
6. Setubal J. C and J. Meidanis, Introduction to Computational Molecular Biology, PWS Publishing Company, 1997.
7. http://www.iitb.ac.in/~crnts. 
8. http://www. zygogen.com.
9. http://www.dsir.nic.in/reports/tifp/database/metallo.pdf. 
10. www.consort-statement.org
11. www.strobe-statement.org
12. www.icmr.nic.in

Clinical Evaluation:

1. CDSCO, Good Clinical Practices For Clinical Research in India, Schedule Y (Amended Version – 2005), http://cdsco.nic.in/html/GCP1.php
2. Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human subjects. (2000). Indian Council of Medical Research- New Delhi.
3. Gallo P., Chuang-Stein C., Dragalin V., Gaydos B., Krams M., Pinheiro J.Adaptive Designs in Clinical Drug Development—An Executive Summary of the PhRMA Working Group. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics. 16: 275–283; 2006
4. Good Clinical Practices- (2001). Guidelines for Clinical Trial on Pharmaceutical Products in India. Central Drugs Standard Control Organization. Directorate General of Health Services. New Delhi. (http//WWW.cdsco.nic.in.ich.org)
5. Gupta, SK Ed.  Basic Principles of Clinical Research and Methodology (2007).  Jaypee Brothers- new Delhi
6. ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guidelines for Good Clinical Practices.(1997)- Quintles- Published by Brookwood Medical Publications. Richmond, Surrey. United Kingdom.
7. NCI. Clinical Trials Education Series.   http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/ learning/clinical-trials-education-series, 2001.
8. Petter Laake, Haakon Breien Benestad and Bjørn Reino Olsen. (2007). Research Methodology in the Medical and Biological sciences. Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier, 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK. ISBN: 978-0-12-373874-5
9. William C. Scheffer Introduction to Clinical Researchs

Medical Statistics:

1. Armitage, P. and Berry, G. (1994) Statistical Methods in Medical Research (3rd ed). Blackwell Science.
2. Armitage P, Berry G, Matthews JNS: Statistical Methods in Medical Research. Fourth edition. Oxford, Blackwell Science Ltd; 2002
3. Bland, M. (2000) An Introduction to Medical Statistics (3rd ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4. Bradford Hill – Basic Medical Statistics
5. Cambell, M.J. and Machin, D. (1993) Medical Statistics: A Common Sense Approach (2nd ed). Chester: Wiley.
6. Dwivedi S. N., Sundaram K. R and V. Sreenivas (2009). Medical Statistics - Principles & Methods-BI Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi –1.
7. Gupta S.P. - Fundamentals of statistics, Sultan Chand. Delhi.
8. Indrayan. (2008). Basic Methods of Medical Research. AITBS Publishers- India
9. Mahajan B K, Methods in Bio statistics for medical students, 5th Ed. New Delhi, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
10. Mehdi, B and Prakash A. (2010). Biostatistics in Pharmacology. Practical Manual in experimental and clinical pharmacology. 1st Edition. New-Delhi: Jaypee brothers Medical Publishers
11. Rao, NSN and Murthy, NS. (2008) 2nd Edition. Applied statistics in health sciences. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. Bengaluru, New Delhi.
12. Rick J Turner and Todd A Durham (2008). Introduction to Statistics in Pharmaceutical Clinical trails. Published by the Pharmaceutical Press- An imprint of RPS Publishing,1 Lambeth High Street, London SE1 7JN, UK
13. Symalan, K. (2006). Statistics in Medicine (First Edition) Trivandrum: Global Education Bureau.
14. Sundar Rao, Jesudian Richard - An Introduction to Biostatistics.
15. Suhas Kumar Shetty- Medical statistics made easy 

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1. Learning and Teaching methodology available in Samhita- Tantrayukti, Tantraguna, Tantradosha, Tachchilya, Vadamarga, Kalpana, Arthashraya, Trividha Gyanopaya, teaching of Pada, Paada, Shloka, Vakya, Vakyartha, meaning and scope of different Sthana and Chatushka  of Brihatrayee.
2. Manuscriptology - Collection, conservation, cataloguing, Critical editing through collation, receion (A critical revision of a text incorporating the most plausible elements found in varying sources), emendation (changes for improvement) and textual criticism (critical analysis) of manuscripts. Publication of edited manuscripts.
3. Concept of Bija chatustaya (Purush, Vyadhi, Kriyakaal, Aushadha according to Sushrut Samhita).
4. Introduction and Application of Nyaya (Maxims) - Like Shilaputrak Nyaya, Kapinjaladhikaran Nyaya, Ghunakshara Nyaya, Gobalivarda Nyaya, Naprishtah Guravo Vadanti Nyaya, Shringagrahika Nyaya, Chhatrino Gacchhanti Nyaya, Shatapatrabhedana Nyaya, Suchikatah Nyaya.
5. Importance and utility of Samhita in present era.
6. Importance of ethics and principles of ideal living as mentioned in Samhita in the present era in relation to life style disorders.
7. Interpretation and co-relation of basic principles with contemporary sciences.

                                                         PART-B                                                   50 marks        
               

1. Definition of Siddhanta, types and applied examples in Ayurveda.
2. Ayu and its components as described in Samhita.
3. Principles of Karana-Karyavada, its utility in advancement of research in Ayurveda.
4. Theory of Evolution of Universe (Srishti Utpatti), its process according to Ayurveda and Darshana.         
5. Importance and utility of Triskandha (Hetu, Linga, Aushadh) and their need in teaching, research and clinical practice.
6. Applied aspects of various fundamental principles:  Tridosha, Triguna, Purusha and Atmanirupana, Shatpadartha, Ahara-Vihara. Scope and importance of Pariksha (Pramana).
7. Importance of knowledge of Sharir Prakriti and Manas Prakriti.
8. Comparative study of Principles of Ayurveda and Shad Darshanas.

1. REFERENCE BOOKS:-

1. Basic principles of Sharira, Purushavichaya, Rashi Purusha, Karma Purusha (Shad Dhatuj Purusha), Chaturvimshati Purusha, Ek Dhatu Purusha. Relevant principles described in the Sharirasthan of Sushrut Samhita, Charak Samhita, Ashtang Sangrah and Ashtang Hridaya.
2. Basic principles of Garbha Sharira in Ayurveda: Definitions of Garbha, Shukra Shonita Siddhanta, Dauhrida, Matrijadi Garbhotpattikar bhava.

1. Types of tissues, histological study of liver, spleen, uterus, kidney, endocrine glands, mammary gland, skin, tongue, lungs, bronchi, bones, muscles, cartilages and nervous tissue.

1. Paribhasha Sharira (Anatomical terminology)
2. Pramana Sharira – Anguli and Anjali Pramana, Sama pramana Sharira, Ayama – Vistara and their prognostic values.
3. Fundamental aspects of Asthi, Sandhi, Peshi Sharir.
4. Fundamental aspects of Sira, Dhamani, Srotas – Definitions, Siravedha, Avedhya Sira. Fundamental aspect of Srotomoola Sthana.
5. Fundamental aspects of Koshtha and Koshthang: Hridaya, Yakrit, Vrikka, phuphphusa, Aantra, Pleeha, Adhivrikkagranthi, Basti, Paurushagranthi, Amashaya, Agnyashaya and Vrishana.
6. Fundamental aspects of Uttamangiya Sharir – Introduction to Nervous system - development, divisions, neuron–structure, types, functional anatomy.
7. Mrita shodhan (as per Sushruta) and Mrita Samrakshana (preservation method of human cadaver).

1. Practical study of bones
2. Practical study of organs
3. Practical study of surface and radiological anatomy.
4. Shava Vichhedana – detailed dissection of the whole body.
5. Practical study of location of Marma
6. Demonstration of histology slides (10 slides) 

1. Distribution of marks (Practical)   

   1. Spotting                                                                   - 20 Marks
   2. Surface Anatomy                                                      - 20 Marks
   3. Dissection                                                                - 30 Marks
   4. Imaging Anatomy – Basic Principles and Application - 10 Marks
   5. Viva-Voce                                                                - 20 Marks

    

   REFERENCE BOOKS:

   1. Relevant matters of Brihatrayee and Laghutrayee
   2. PratyakshaShariram                                                                                    - GananathSen
   3. AbhinavaShariram                                                                                        - Damodar Sharma Gaur
   4. Parishadyam Sabdartha Shariram                                                               - Damodara Sharma Gaur
   5. Brihat Shariram                                                                                            - P S Varier
   6. Shiva Samhita
   7. Gray’s Anatomy                                                                                           - Latest Edition
   8. Human Anatomy                                                                                          - B D Chaurasia
   9. Cunnigham’s Companion to Manual of Practical Anatomy.Vol I, II & III
   10. Developing Human                                                                                       - Keith L Moore &Persaud
   11. Clinically oriented Anatomy                                                                          - Keith L Moore
   12. Clinically oriented Neuro Anatomy                                                                - Richard Snell
   13. Surface and Radiological Anatomy                                                               - Halim
   14. Grant’s Methods of Anatomy                                                                        -Grant
   15. Grant’s dissector                                                                                          -Grant
   16. Human Embryology                                                                                      -I. B. Singh
   17. Ayuervediya Human Anatomy                                                                      - G. M. Kanthi

   ****************

1. Theory of Loka-Purusha Samya
2. Theory of Panchamahabhuta 
3. Physiological aspects of Samanya – Vishesha siddhanta
4. Concepts of Tridosha and Triguna
5. Concept of Dhatu
6. Concept  of Mala
7. Description of Ojas
8. Process of Ahara Parinama including Aharaparinamakara Bhava and Asta Ahara Vidhi Visesayatana
9. Physiological importance of Agni,  its classification and functions
10. Dhatuposana theories
11. Concepts of Atma, Manas and Indriya.
12. Concepts of Prakriti and Ashtavidha Sara.
13. Concept  of Srotas

1. Essentials of cell physiology – organization of cell.
2. Membrane physiology- transport across cell membrane, action potentials and resting membrane potentials.
3. Homeostasis- negative and positive feedback mechanisms.
4. Genetic code, its expression and regulation of gene expression.
5. Essentials of cardiovascular physiology- cardiac cycle, regulation of heart rate and blood pressure.
6. Essentials of respiratory physiology- regulation of respiration-chemical and neural, gaseous exchange, transportation of gases.
7. Gastrointestinal physiology- various digestive juices and their actions, gastrointestinal hormones, enteric nervous system.
8. Nervous system physiology- ANS, somatic nervous system, reflexes, general and special sensations, higher mental functions, functions of brain, brainstem and spinal cord.
9. Blood:  Blood cells-RBCs, WBCs, platelets, plasma proteins and immunity.
10. Muscle physiology: properties and mechanisms of contraction of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles.
11. Physiology of excretion- mechanism of urine formation, micturition.
12. Endocrine physiology: Classification of hormones, hormones secreted by pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pineal, pancreas and their functions.

Contents:
Ayurvedic practicals
Assessment of Prakriti
Assessment of Sara
Pramana Pariksha

Hematology
Hemoglobin estimation

Total RBC count
Total WBC count
Differential leukocyte count
Packed cell volume (PCV)
ESR
Bleeding time
Clotting time
Blood grouping and Rh typing

Urine examination -
   Physical examination- Specific gravity and reaction of   urine
   Chemical examination
Albumin test
Sugar test
Ketone bodies
Bile salts and pigments

Distribution of marks (Practical)   

1. Laboratory Practical                            - 20    
2. Human Experiment                             - 15
3. Spotting                                              - 15
4. Prakriti Saradi pariksha                       - 20
5. Practical Record                                  - 10
6. Viva-voce                                            - 20

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Ayurvediya Kriyasharir                              - Ranjit Rai Desai
2. Kayachikitsa Parichaya                             - C. Dwarkanath 
3. Prakrit Agni Vigyan                                   - C. Dwarkanath 
4. Sharir Kriya Vigyan                                   - Shiv Charan Dhyani
5. Abhinava Sharir Kriya Vigyana                  - Acharya Priyavrata Sharma
6. Dosha Dhatu Mala Vigyana                       - Shankar Gangadhar Vaidya
7. Prakrita Dosha Vigyana                            - Acharya Niranjana Dev
8. Tridosha Vigyana                                      - Shri Upendranath Das
9. Sharira Tatva Darshana                            - Hirlekar Shastri
10. Prakrita Agni Vigyana                               - Niranjana Dev
11. Deha Dhatvagni Vigyana                          - Vd. Pt. Haridatt Shastri
12. Sharir Kriya Vigyana (Part 1-2)                 - Acharya Purnchandra Jain
13. Sharir Kriya Vigyana                                 - Shri Moreshwar Dutta Vd.
14. Sharira Kriya Vijnana (Part 1-2)               - Nandini Dhargalkar
15. Dosha Dhatu Mala Vigyana                      - Basant Kumar Shrimal

16. Abhinava Sharir Kriya Vigyana                                                            - Dr. Shiv Kumar Gaur
17. Pragyogik Kriya Sharir                                                                        - Acharya P.C. Jain
18. Kaya Chikitsa Parichaya                                                                     - Dr. C. Dwarkanath
19. Concept of Agni                                                                                  - Vd. Bhagwan Das
20. Purush Vichaya                                                                                   - Acharya V.J. Thakar
21. Kriya Sharir                                                                                        - Prof. Yogesh Chandra Mishra
22. Sharir Kriya Vigyana                                                                           - Prof. Jayaram Yadav & Dr. Sunil Verma
23. Basic Principles of Kriya-Sharir (A treatise on Ayurvedic Physiology)  by   -Dr. Srikant Kumar Panda
24. Sharir Kriya – Part I & II                                                                      - Dr. Ranade, Dr. Deshpande & Dr. Chobhe
25. Human Physiology in Ayurveda                                                             - Dr Kishor Patwardhan
26. Sharirkriya Vignyan Practical Hand Book                                               - Dr.Ranade, Dr.Chobhe, Dr. Deshpande
27. Sharir Kriya Part 1&2                                                                           - Dr.R.R.Deshapande, Dr.Wavhal
28. Textbook of Physiology                                                                        - Gyton & Hall
29. Review of medical physiology                                                              - William Ganong
30. Essentials Of Medical Physiology                                                         - Sembulingam, K.
31. Concise Medical Physiology                                                                 - Chaudhari, Sujit. K.
32. Fundamental of Anatomy & Physiology                                                - Martini
33. Principals of Anatomy & Physiology                                                      - Tortora & Grabowski
34. Human Physiology                                                                              - Richards, Pocock
35. Samson Wrights Applied Physiology, Keele, Neil, joels
36. Brainstem Control of Wakefulness And Sleep                                      - Steriade, Mirce
37. An Introduction to Human Physiology                                                  - Green, J.h.
38. Ancient Indian Medicine                                                                      - Kutumbiah P.
39. Biographical History of Indian Medicine                                               - Srikanthamurthy KR
40. Ayurveda Kriya Sharira                                                                       - Yogesh Chandra Mishra
41. Textbook of Medical Physiology                                                           - Indu Khurana
42. Tridosha Theory                                                                                  - Subrahmanya Shastri
43. Statistics in Medicine                                                                          - K. Syamalan

****************

1. Panchamahabhuta siddhanta, Samanya Vishesha siddhanta, Tridosha siddhanta. Extensive study on classifications of Dravya as described in Brihattrayi.
2. Applied aspects of Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka and Prabhava
3. Applied aspects of Aushdha karma with reference to Sharngadhara and   Bhavaprakasha
4. Importance of  Namarupa vigyan and concept of basonyms and synonyms of Dravyas
5. Applied knowledge of Bhaishajya Prayoga (marga, kalpana, matra, anupana, sevan, kala etc.)



PART-B

50 marks





6. Basic principles of Desha pravichara,  Dravya sangrahana (collection), Samrakshana (preservation)
7. Evolution of Dravyaguna vigyan with special emphasis on Nighantus
8. Prashasta bheshaj lakshana
9. Profound knowledge on applied aspects of Agrya aushadha
10. Methodology of studying controversial, pratinidhi (substitute), apamishrana (adulterant) and unidentified dravya
11. Pharmacognosy and its relevance in Dravyaguna vigyan
12. An integrated study of Charakokta Bheshaj pariksha and scientific method of drug evaluation with special reference to quality, safety and efficacy
13. Brief knowledge and importance of clinical pharmacology
14. General principles of various good cultivation practices,  collection practices, storage practices and manufacturing practices
15. Pharmacovigilance and ADR issues 
16. Knowledge on  the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, The Formulary of India and international pharmacopoeias



PRACTICAL

100 marks



Contents:

1. Field visits for the Identification of important classical medicinal plants (Minimum two visits to neighboring forest areas)
2. Macroscopic and microscopic identification of minimum two plants of each of  prayojyanga (useful parts of plants)
3. Preliminary study of pharmacoepial standards (API) of minimum 5 plants
4. Minimum two experiments on Animals

Distribution of marks (Practical)

1. Herbarium sheets                                                      -10 Marks
2. Practical of macroscopic and microscopic identification
   of prayojyanga (one part of the plant)                      -30 Marks                                     
3. Practical record book of pharamcopoeial standards
   and animal experimentations                                    -10 Marks
4. Spotting                                                                     -30 Marks
5. Viva-voce                                                                  -20 Marks 

REFERENCE BOOKS:

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     M.D.-AYURVEDA PRELIMINARY
5. RASA SHASTRA AND BHAISHAJYA KALPANA
(Iatrocemistry & Pharmaceuticals Science)

1. Fundamental principles of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, introduction to Rasachikitsa, Ashuddha and Apakwa Bhasma- sevan Dosha and its management, introduction to Aushadha Sevan Kaal and Prayoga Marga (routes of administration).
2. Introduction to basic principles of Aushadha Yoga (formulations).
3. Classification of Rasa Dravya - concept and relevance.
4. Introduction to principles of Aushadha Nirmana, concept of Shodhan, Marana, Jarana, Murcchhana, Sattvapatan and Amritikarana.
5. Concept of Kashaya, Panchavidha Kashaya and other Kalpana.
6. Concept of Rasashala, Rasa Mandapa with introduction to pharmacy in accordance with the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP).   
7. Critical study of Rasa Ratnasamuchchaya, Rasendra Chintamani, Rasa Tarangini, Sharngadhara Samhita, Chakradutta and Bharat Bhaishajya Ratnakara with special reference to Aushadha-Nirmana.

1. Introduction to methods of analytical, toxicity, experimental and clinical validation of classical and proprietary Ayurvedic formulations.
2. Introduction to new dosage forms.
3. Introduction to advance instruments of analysis like XRD, XRF, SEM-E-Dax, ICP analysis, Chromatography: TLC, gas chromatography, HPTLC, concept of Nanotechnology and its relevance to Aushadha-Nirman.        
4. Concept of Pharmacopoeia and Formulary with introduction of ‘The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India’ (API) and ‘The Ayurvedic Formulary of India’ (AFI).
5. Introduction to databases of medicinal plants published by CCRAS, ICMR and others.

Contents:

1. Shodhan, Marana, Amritikarana of Rasa Dravya     (10 practicals)
2. Preparation of different dosage forms (10 forms)
3. Pharmacop oeial standards of raw and prepared drugs    (20 practicals)

 

Raw Materials
1.  Minerals and Metals
Mineralogical Identification                                                                                            Mineralogical Identification

1. Physical form - Crystal and Amorphous
2. Hardness on Moh’s scale
3. Brittleness test
4. Fracture and Cleavage
5. Streak test
6. Luster

2. Plant Material
    Macroscopic and Microscopic examination

1. Orgnaoleptic testing
2. Estimation of Foreign materials
3. Microbial load
4. Moisture content
5. Determination of ash value - total, water soluble and acid Insoluble   ash
6. Specific gravity
7. Solubility- water and alcohol
8. Extract values- water and alcohol
9. TLC
10. Determination of optical density
11. Refractive index
12. Aflatoxins
13. Limit tests for heavy metals
14. pH estimation

Prepared dosage forms:

1. Solid dosage forms
    Rasaushadhi
a) Bhasma and Pishti Pariksha
b) Determination of Particle size
c) Limit tests for heavy metals
d) Determination of moisture content, specific gravity, pH and acid value.

Kasthaushadhi
a. Powders (Churna)

1. Particle size
2. Bulk density
3. Solubility
4. Estimation of Foreign material
5. Microbial load
6. Moisture content
7. Determination of ash value - total, water soluble and acid insoluble ash   
8. Solubility - water and alcohol
9. Extract values - water and alcohol
10. TLC
11. Determination of Optical density
12. Refractive Index
13. Aflatoxins
14. Limit tests for Heavy metals
15. pH Value estimation

b. Tablets

1. Uniformity in weight and size
2. Tablet hardness
3. Tablet friability
4. Tablet disintegration
5. Tablet dissolution

c. Semisolid dosage forms

1. Moisture content
2. Sugar content
3. Microbial load                                                                                                                   

     d. Liquids

• pH value
• Specific gravity
• Determination of refractive index
• Acid value
• Viscosity
• Saponification value
• Iodine value

Note:

• All practicals should be performed in accordance with Authoritative Text Books of Schedule-I of D.C.Act-1940.
• All practicals related to Pharmacopoeial Standards should be performed in accordance with Methods Published in Protocol for testing of ASU Medicines and Laboratory Guidelines for the Analysis of Ayurveda & Siddha Formulations published by Deptt. of AYUSH, Government of India.

Distribution of marks (Practical)  
 

• Practical Record Book                                         - 10 Marks
• Practicals related to Preparation of Drugs  
• Major practical- one                                - 20 Marks   
• Minor practical- one                                - 10 Marks
• Drug analysis                                                          
• Major practical- one                                - 20 Marks           
• Minor practical- one                                - 10 Marks
• Spotting                                                            - 10 Marks   
• Viva-voce                                                           - 20 Marks

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Rasahridaya Tantra
2. Rasarnava
3. Rasaratna Samuccahaya
4. Ayurved Prakasha
5. Rasendrachudamani
6. Rasendra Chintamani
7. Rasatarangini
8. Rasapraksha Sudhakar
9. Rasamrita
10. Rasa Chandanshu : CCRAS Publication
11. Sharangadhara Samhita
12. Sharangadhara Darpan (BP Pandey)
13. Bhavaprakasha
14. Yoga Ratnakara
15. Bhaishajya Ratnavali
16. Siddha Bhaishajya Manimala
17. Bharat Bhaishajya Ratnakara
18. Rasayoga Sagara
19. Siddha Bhaishajya Manimala
20. Sahasrayoga
21. Siddha Yoga Sangraha – Yadavaji Trikamji Acharya
22. Vaidyaka Paribhasha Pradeepa

23. Ayurvediya Aushadhikarana – Puranik and Dhamanakar
24. Dravyaguna Vijnan Part - 1 and 2 - Yadavji Trikamji
25. Chakradatta - Ratnaprabha, Relevant Parts from Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Kashyapa Samhita, Ashtanga Sangraha, Ashtanga Hridaya,
26. Remington: Science and Practice of Pharmacy
27. Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy – Leon Lachman et al
28. Clinical Pharmacology, KD Tripathi
29. Clinical Pharmacology, Lawrence Benette
30. Drug Discovery and Evaluation (Pharmacological assays) HG Vogel
31. Pharmacological Basis of therapeutics – Goodman and Gilman
32. Data Base of Medicinal Plants of CCRAS
33. Quality and Standards of Medicinal Plants – ICMR publication
34. Quality Control of Ayurvedic Drugs – PLIM, Gaziabad
35. Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India
36. Ayurvedic Formulary of India
37. Indian Pharmacopeia
38. British Pharmacopeia
39. United States Pharmacopeia
40. Pharmacopeia Codex
41. Current Good Manufacturing Practices
42. Drugs and Cosmetic Act 1940 and Rules 1945 with latest amendments
43. Drugs and Magic remedies (Objectionable advertisement) Act-1954
44. Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA) act
45. Laws pertaining to Narcotics
46. Factory and Pharmacy Acts
47. Consumer Protection Act -1986
48. Brief information on the peer reviewed journals, official websites and other official search engines along with their links (related with the subject)
49. Rutleys Elements of Mineralogy
50. Bhasma Vigyaniyam
51. Kupipakva Vigyaniyam
52. Anupana Manjari

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M.D.-AYURVEDA PRELIMINARY
6. AGADTANTRA AVUM VIDHI VAIDYAKA
(Toxicology & Forensic Medicine)

1. Introduction to Agadatantra, its sequential development, traditional and contemporary toxicology. 
2. Examination of poisons as per contemporary and Ayurvedic methods.
3. Ancient and contemporary classification of Visha.
4. Knowledge about Sthavara visha, Jangama visha and Kritrima visha, their clinical and pathological manifestations and management.
5. Garavisha and Dushi visha, signs, symptoms and management with contemporary relevance.
6. Vishajanya Janapadodhvamsaniya Roga (community health problems due to poisons) - environmental pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, air pollution etc, their features and management according to ancient and contemporary concepts. 
7. Concept of Viruddhahara with contemporary views.
8. Definition of Vyavahara Ayurveda.
9. Fundamentals of Vyavahara Ayurveda. Courts of law in India and legal procedures.
10. Chathurvinshati upakrama (24 management procedures).

1. Introduction to Forensic medicine.
2. Techniques of pathology, pharmacology, pharmacognosy and microbiology used in toxicology.
3. Death and its medico-legal aspects (Medical Thanatology), Medico-legal autopsy, Legal procedures in clinical forensic medicine.
4. Forensic Science Laboratory:- Structure and functions
5. Introduction to Medical Jurisprudence.
6. Laws related to medical profession. Ancient practice of medical jurisprudence in india.
7. Ancient and contemporary fundamentals of medical ethics.
8. Madya visha (Alcoholism).
9. Diagnosis and Management of food poisoning.
10. General and Emergency medical management of poisoning including preparation, administration and complications of antidotes, antivenoms, antisera.
11. Management of the toxic manifestations caused by the contact poisons (paduka, vastra, abhushana, mukhalepa- vishabadha etc).
12. Diagnosis and management of dermatological manifestations of Visha.
13. Death due to poisoning, duty of physician in poisoning and cases of suspected poisoning.
14. Post mortem findings in poisoning.

Clinical Postings
Case records – 20 cases (Postmortem/ poisoning/dermatological/medico   legal cases)

Distribution of marks (Practical)

1. Case records (20 Cases)                                           - 20 Marks
2. Bedside clinical case taking
3. Long Case                                                                - 20 Marks
4. Short Case                                                               - 10 Marks
5. Identification of specimens, models and equipments of jurisprudence importance.      - 15 Marks                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
6. Spotting related to Visha, Upavisha and other poisonous drugs       - 15 Marks                                                                     
7. Viva-voce       -20 marks                                                                 

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Useful Portion of Charak-Sushrut-Vagbhata
2. Dravyaguna Vigyan                                                - Acharya Yadavji
3. Aushadhigunadharma Shastra                         - Pt Visvanath Dvivedi
4. Kriyatmat Aushada parichaya Vigyan              - Pt Visvanath Dvivedi
5. Ayurvedic Vyadhi Vigyan                                - Acharya Yadavji Trikamji
6. Madhavanidan with Madhukosha commentary
7. Sharangadhara Samhita
8. Yogaratnakara
9. Aushadigunadharma Shastra                       - PtGangadhara Shastri Gune
10. Rasendracintamani
11. Rasaratna samuchhaya
12. Vishavigyan                                                       - Dr. Krishna Kumar
13. Related matter of Kautilya Artha Shastra
14. Harmekhlatantra
15. Anupana manjari
16. Ayurvedprakash 
17. System of clinical Medicine                                 - Savil
18. Forensic Pharmacy                                             -B.M. Mhithai
19. Hand book of Forensic Medicine and toxicology    - Dr. P.V. Chadha
20. Viva Forensic Medicine and toxicology                 - L.C. Gupta
21. Forensic Medicine and Ethics                              - J.P. Narena
22. Modi’s Medical Jurispudence and Toxicology
23. The essentials of forensic medicine and toxicology -Dr.K.S. Narayan Reddy
24. Medical Laws and Ethics                                      - Dr. H.S. Mehta
25. M.R.K. Krishnan’s Handbook of Forensic Medicine
26. Text book of Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology   - Dr. C.K. Parikh
27. Atlas of Forensic Medicine                                    - Dr. Tomio Watenbe
28. Medico legal Post Mortems (Atlas)                          - Dr. Parikh and Others
29. Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology     - Dr.V.V. Pillay
30. Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology   - Dr. Karmakar 
31. Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology   - Dr. Singhal
32. Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology   - Dr. Krishnan Vij
33. Forensic Pathology                                              - Dr. Bernard Knight
34. Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology   - Lyon’s
35. Pocket picture guide to Forensic   Medicine              - Gower’s Medical                    

                                                                                     Publication

34. Forensic Medicine                                            - Simpson Knight
35. Taylor’s Principles and Practical of Medical  Jurisprudence - J and A Churchis
36. Doctor and  Law                                               - Singhal
37. Textbook of Toxicology                                     - Singhal
38. Medicine Harrison’s Principal of Internal Medicine
39. Agad Tantra                                                   - Dr.Shekhar Namboodri

1. Modern Medical Toxicology                                - Dr. V.V.Pillay
2. Critical care toxicology                                      - Bruent Wallace
3. Diagnosis and Management of common poisoning- Agarwal wali
4. Colour Atlas of Forensic Medicine                        - Govindaiah
5. Guidelines of poisons                                         - W.H.O.
6. Doctors patients relationships                             - Dr.Lavekar
7. Bhavaprakasha.
8. Vishavaidya Jyotsnika -- English translation By VPSV Ayurveda college,    Kottakkal.
9. Lakshnamritham.
10. Toxicology, Ayurvedic perspective  - VPSV Ayurveda college, Kottakal                                                                                   
11. Text book of Agadatantra            - Edited By Dr Huparikar, Dr. Joglekar
12. Agadatantra ki Pathyapustaka      - Edited By Dr Huparikar, Dr. Joglekar  
13. Vyavahar Ayurveda Vigyanam         - Dr.Indramohan Jha (Sachchan)

1. Forensic Medicine                         - Dr. B. Umadathan
2. Visha Chikitsa                    - Dr. M. Balakrishnan Nair
3. Park Text book of Preventive and Social Medicine.  - K. Park
4. Environmental Science and Biotechnology - Theory and Practice                                                                                                                                                                                                       - A.G. Murukesan &C. Rajakumari
5. Veterinary Toxicology                                          - Dr. Satish K. Gargi
6. Guide to Drinking Water Quality (3 Volumes)  - WHO Publication
7. A short Text Book of Medical Entomology      - H.S. Bhatti, R. Sehgal,    

                                                                                     R.C. Mahajan.

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     M.D.-AYURVEDA PRELIMINARY
7. SWASTHAVRITTA & YOGA
(Preventive, Social Medicine & Yoga)

1. Importance and relevance of Swasthavritta and Community Medicine. History of community medicine.
2. Concept of health and disease as per Ayurveda and Modern Medicine. Various definitions and dimensions of health as per Ayurveda and World Health Organization.
3. Relevance of Dinacharya, Ratricharya and Ritucharya in Health Promotion.
4. Basic concept of Vega. Concept of Adharaniya and Dharaniya Vega in health promotion and prevention of diseases with examples.
5. Concept of Trayopastambha in health promotion and prevention of diseases.
6. Concept of nutrition as per Ayurveda and modern science.
7. Concept of Vyadhikshamatva. Concept of Bala and Ojas in relation to health.
8. Role of Panchakarma in preventive medicine.
9. Role of Rasayana in promotion of health and prevention of diseases. Scope of Rasayana in Geriatrics and Reproductive & Child Health.
10. The concept of Ashtanga Yoga and its relation to health. Concept of Moksha.
11. Basic concepts of Nisargopachara including Panchabhautika Chikitsa.

1. Concept of Janapadodhwamsa and tools of its prevention.
2. Principles of Epidemiology. Definitions in infectious disease epidemiology.
3. Concept of disease control and intervention strategies.
4. Levels of disease prevention
5. Basic principles of Samkramak Vikara- causes, modes of disease transmission, epidemiological triad
6. Principles of Health Education
7. Environmental Health- concept of water, soil and air purification as per Ayurveda and modern science.
8. Introduction to Meteorology
9. Role of Swasthavritta in maternal and child health care.
10. National Population Policy, National Health Policy as per Alma Ata Declaration and Role of Ayurveda therein.
11. Role of Swasthavritta in communicable and non-comminicable diseases and life style disorders.
12. Biomedical waste management.
13. National health programmes.